{"dataset":"constitutions","name":"Constitutions","publisher":"PollsAfrica","licence":"CC BY 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","citation":"PollsAfrica (2026). Constitutions. Retrieved 10 Oct 2026 from https://pollsafrica.com/constitutions","page":"https://pollsafrica.com/constitutions","csv":"https://pollsafrica.com/data/download/constitutions.csv","last_updated":"2026-10-10","record_count":54,"columns":["country","country_slug","year_adopted","last_amendment_year","languages","publishing_body","official_page","constitution_pdf","licence_statement","source_url","retrieved","note"],"records":[{"country":"Algeria","country_slug":"algeria","year_adopted":2020,"last_amendment_year":2020,"languages":"Arabic; French","publishing_body":"Journal Officiel de la Republique Algerienne Democratique et Populaire (JORADP), Secretariat General du Gouvernement (no. 82 of 30 December 2020, presidential decree 20-442)","official_page":"https://www.joradp.dz/","constitution_pdf":"https://www.joradp.dz/TRV/FConsti.pdf","licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.joradp.dz/TRV/FConsti.pdf","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Current text is the consolidated constitution of 1996 as revised by referendum of 1 November 2020 and promulgated by presidential decree 20-442 of 30 December 2020 (JORADP no. 82). The PDF on joradp.dz is the official French translation, verified live. Arabic is authoritative. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Angola","country_slug":"angola","year_adopted":2010,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"Portuguese","publishing_body":"Assembleia Nacional da Republica de Angola (Constituent Assembly text of 21 January 2010, promulgated 5 February 2010)","official_page":"https://www.parlamento.ao/constituicao/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.parlamento.ao/constituicao/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution approved by the Constituent Assembly on 21 January 2010 (Constitutional Court ruling 111/2010 of 30 January 2010) and promulgated on 5 February 2010. Official parliament constitution page verified live. The former Constitutional Commission English translation (comisaoconstitucional.ao) is defunct; WIPO Lex mirrors the official text (locator only). No amendment since 2010. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Benin","country_slug":"benin","year_adopted":1990,"last_amendment_year":2019,"languages":"French","publishing_body":"National Assembly of Benin","official_page":"https://assemblee-nationale.bj/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/2019/149382","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Law 90-32 of 11 December 1990, adopted by referendum of 2 December 1990. Revised by Law 2019-40 of 7 November 2019 (voted 31 October 2019, published in the Official Journal on 8 November 2019), the first revision since 1990. National Assembly website verified live; the revised consolidated text is not posted there as a single PDF."},{"country":"Botswana","country_slug":"botswana","year_adopted":1966,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"English; Setswana","publishing_body":"Attorney General's Chambers, Republic of Botswana (Laws of Botswana online portal)","official_page":"https://www.laws.gov.bw/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.laws.gov.bw/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of 30 September 1966 (independence constitution), amended many times since. laws.gov.bw (official e-Laws portal) timed out from our network. Consolidated text locators: CommonLII and Constitute Project (through 2016). Most recent amendment year not confirmed from an official source. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Burkina Faso","country_slug":"burkina-faso","year_adopted":1991,"last_amendment_year":2024,"languages":"French; national languages","publishing_body":"Assemblee nationale du Burkina Faso; Direction Generale des Etudes et de la Legislation (DGRE) consolidated edition; promulgation decree 2024-1430/PRES of 21 November 2024","official_page":"https://dgre.gov.bf/documents/77/constitution_consolid%C3%A9e_apres_la_relecture_du_29_octobre_2024VF.pdf","constitution_pdf":"https://www.assembleenationale.bf/storage/Loi/k9gobQabfvVrWgJoyxHAbLxN64WnVgX5ymWbCFEe.pdf","licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.assembleenationale.bf/storage/Loi/k9gobQabfvVrWgJoyxHAbLxN64WnVgX5ymWbCFEe.pdf","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution adopted by referendum 2 June 1991 (kiti AN-VIII-330/FP/PRES of 11 June 1991). Latest revision by loi constitutionnelle no. 033-2024/ALT of 29 October 2024, promulgated 21 November 2024, in force 30 November 2024; French is now a working language while national languages are official. Both official PDFs verified live. Note: a Charter of the Popular Progressive Revolution adopted by the transitional assembly in March 2026 takes precedence over the 1991 Constitution under its own terms, per ICNL and Amani Africa monitoring. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Burundi","country_slug":"burundi","year_adopted":2018,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"French; Kirundi","publishing_body":"Presidency of the Republic","official_page":null,"constitution_pdf":"https://www.presidence.gov.bi/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/constitution-promulguee-le-7-juin-2018.pdf","licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.presidence.gov.bi/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/constitution-promulguee-le-7-juin-2018.pdf","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution adopted by referendum of 17 May 2018 and promulgated on 7 June 2018. Official PDF hosted on the Presidency website verified live at retrieval time. No reuse statement found on the site."},{"country":"Cabo Verde","country_slug":"cabo-verde","year_adopted":1992,"last_amendment_year":2010,"languages":"Portuguese; Cape Verdean Creole","publishing_body":"Government of Cabo Verde / National Assembly","official_page":"https://www.governo.cv/documentos/constituicao-da-republica/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.governo.cv/documentos/constituicao-da-republica/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution approved by Constitutional Law 1/IV/92 of 25 September 1992 (promulgated 4 September 1992 per the Assembly record, published Boletim Oficial no. 12). Amended by Constitutional Laws 1/IV/95 of 13 November 1995, 1/V/99 of 23 November 1999 and 1/VII/2010 of 3 May 2010 (the 2010 revision is the latest confirmed). Full official text hosted on the Government portal, verified live at retrieval time."},{"country":"Cameroon","country_slug":"cameroon","year_adopted":1972,"last_amendment_year":2008,"languages":"French; English","publishing_body":"Presidence de la Republique du Cameroun (constitution page)","official_page":"https://www.presidence.cm/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.presidence.cm/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Unitary state constitution of 2 June 1972; general revision by referendum 18 January 1996 (loi no. 96-06 of 18 January 1996); amended by loi no. 2008/001 of 14 April 2008 (removal of presidential term limits). presidence.cm timed out from our network; constitution text page could not be verified. ILO NATLEX holds a consolidated copy (NATLEX CMR-16409) as locator only. No official consolidated PDF located. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Central African Republic","country_slug":"central-african-republic","year_adopted":2023,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"French; Sango","publishing_body":"Presidency of the Central African Republic (JORCA)","official_page":null,"constitution_pdf":"https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/caf233696.pdf","licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/caf233696.pdf","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution adopted by referendum of 30 July 2023 (95.03 percent yes) and promulgated by decree 23.199 of 30 August 2023, published in JORCA special no. 9 of 4 September 2023. It replaced the Constitution of 30 March 2016. Official presidency and assembly sites were unreachable at retrieval time; the FAOLEX PDF reproduces the official text with the gazette citation. The 2023 text extended the presidential term to 7 years and removed term limits."},{"country":"Chad","country_slug":"chad","year_adopted":2023,"last_amendment_year":2025,"languages":"French; Arabic","publishing_body":"Presidence de la Republique du Tchad (constitution approved by referendum 17 December 2023, promulgated 29 December 2023)","official_page":"https://presidence.td/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://presidence.td/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"New constitution of the Fifth Republic approved by referendum 17 December 2023 and promulgated 29 December 2023. Constitutional revision adopted by Congress 3 October 2025 and promulgated 8 October 2025 (removing the two-term limit, among other changes), per International IDEA ConstitutionNet monitoring. presidence.td returned 403 bot-block but is live; no official consolidated PDF located. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Comoros","country_slug":"comoros","year_adopted":2018,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"French; Arabic; Comorian","publishing_body":"Presidency of the Union","official_page":null,"constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC128670/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of the Union of the Comoros, adopted by referendum of 30 July 2018, replacing the Constitution of 2001 as revised. Official sources presidence.km and assemblee-union.km were unreachable at retrieval time. FAOLEX record links the official French text. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Congo","country_slug":"congo","year_adopted":2015,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"French","publishing_body":"Secretariat General of the Government of the Republic of the Congo","official_page":"https://sgg.cg/fr/journal-officiel/constitution.html","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://sgg.cg/fr/journal-officiel/constitution.html","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution adopted by referendum of 25 October 2015, replacing the Constitution of 20 January 2002. Official text hosted by the Secretariat General of the Government under Journal Officiel, verified live at retrieval time. No official consolidated PDF located."},{"country":"Cote d'Ivoire","country_slug":"cote-divoire","year_adopted":2016,"last_amendment_year":2020,"languages":"French","publishing_body":"Republique de Cote d'Ivoire (loi no. 2016-886 of 8 November 2016; consolidated edition)","official_page":"https://nigeria.diplomatie.gouv.ci/","constitution_pdf":"https://nigeria.diplomatie.gouv.ci/fichiers/1600868360La-Constitution-Ivoirienne-2016-ED-2020-comp.pdf","licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://nigeria.diplomatie.gouv.ci/fichiers/1600868360La-Constitution-Ivoirienne-2016-ED-2020-comp.pdf","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of the Third Republic adopted by referendum 30 October 2016 (loi 2016-886 of 8 November 2016), amended by loi constitutionnelle no. 2020-348 of 19 March 2020 (vice-presidency and other articles). PDF is the official consolidated edition hosted by the Ivorian diplomatic portal. French is the sole official language. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Djibouti","country_slug":"djibouti","year_adopted":1992,"last_amendment_year":2010,"languages":"French; Arabic","publishing_body":"Presidency of the Republic","official_page":"http://www.presidence.dj/TexteFond.php","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"http://www.presidence.dj/TexteFond.php","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of 15 September 1992. Amended by law 134-AN-06-5me of 19 April 2006, law 215-AN-08-6me of 2 February 2008, and law 92-AN-10-6me of 21 April 2010 (the 2010 amendment removed presidential term limits). Official site presidence.dj timed out at retrieval time; the TexteFond.php page historically carries the fundamental texts. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"DR Congo","country_slug":"democratic-republic-of-the-congo","year_adopted":2006,"last_amendment_year":2011,"languages":"French","publishing_body":"Journal Officiel de la Republique Democratique du Congo (official gazette, special issue of 5 February 2011)","official_page":"https://www.leganet.cd/","constitution_pdf":"https://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/JO/2011/JOS.05.02.2011.pdf","licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/JO/2011/JOS.05.02.2011.pdf","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of 18 February 2006 (referendum of 18-19 December 2005), revised by Law no. 11/002 of 20 January 2011; consolidated textes coordonnes published in Journal Officiel special issue 5 February 2011. leganet.cd timed out from our network; text verified via WIPO Lex mirror of the same Journal Officiel. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Egypt","country_slug":"egypt","year_adopted":2014,"last_amendment_year":2019,"languages":"Arabic; English","publishing_body":"State Information Service (SIS), Arab Republic of Egypt","official_page":"https://sis.gov.eg/en/egypt/constitution-of-egypt/","constitution_pdf":"https://sis.gov.eg/media/67726/dustor-eng.pdf","licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://sis.gov.eg/en/egypt/constitution-of-egypt/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Adopted by referendum in January 2014. Amended by referendum held 20-22 April 2019. Arabic text authoritative; SIS publishes an English translation (PDF verified live). No reuse or licence statement found on the SIS pages."},{"country":"Equatorial Guinea","country_slug":"equatorial-guinea","year_adopted":1991,"last_amendment_year":2012,"languages":"Spanish; French; Portuguese","publishing_body":"Boletin Oficial del Estado (Official Gazette)","official_page":null,"constitution_pdf":"https://boe.gob.gq/files/45.pdf","licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://boe.gob.gq/files/45.pdf","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Fundamental Law of 1991, approved by referendum of 16 November 1991, amended by referendums of 1995, 1998, 2011 and 2012 (two-term limit introduced by the 2012 revision; the latest consolidated text reflects amendments through 2012). Official gazette PDF verified live at retrieval time. Presidency website presidencia-ge.gq was unreachable."},{"country":"Eritrea","country_slug":"eritrea","year_adopted":1997,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"Tigrinya; Arabic; English","publishing_body":"Constituent Assembly of Eritrea (text ratified but never promulgated)","official_page":null,"constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/8937","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Honesty gap: the Constitution of Eritrea was ratified by the Constituent Assembly on 23 May 1997 but has never been promulgated and is not in force. Eritrea has no working constitution; governance relies on transitional codes and proclamations. No official government website publishes the text; the WIPO Lex record carries the ratified text and states it has not entered into force."},{"country":"Eswatini","country_slug":"eswatini","year_adopted":2005,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"English; siSwati","publishing_body":"Attorney General's Office / Government of Eswatini","official_page":"https://eswatinilii.org/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://eswatinilii.org/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution Act 001 of 2005, signed on 26 July 2005 and in force since 8 February 2006, replacing the 1978 constitution. Official government sites (gov.sz) were unreachable at retrieval time; EswatiniLII, the national legal information institute, was live. Last amendment year not confirmed from an official source."},{"country":"Ethiopia","country_slug":"ethiopia","year_adopted":1995,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"Amharic; English","publishing_body":"Ministry of Justice, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Federal Negarit Gazeta, Proclamation no. 1/1995)","official_page":"https://www.justice.gov.et/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.justice.gov.et/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Ratified 8 December 1994, came into force 21 August 1995 (Proclamation 1/1995). Amharic text authoritative with official English translation. Federal Negarit Gazeta is published through the Ministry of Justice portal; no stable direct PDF of the constitution found there. A copy of the official English translation is hosted by the Ethiopian Embassy in Belgium (ethiopianembassy.be, verified live) but that is a locator, not the publisher. No later amendment. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Gabon","country_slug":"gabon","year_adopted":2024,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"French","publishing_body":"Presidence de la Republique Gabonaise (constitution promulgated 19 December 2024 as law no. 002-R/2024, after referendum 16 November 2024)","official_page":"https://www.presidence.ga/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.presidence.ga/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"New constitution of the Second Republic approved by referendum 16 November 2024 (91.6 percent yes, validated by the Constitutional Court 29 November 2024) and promulgated 19 December 2024. Presidential system, seven-year term renewable once, prime minister post abolished. presidence.ga responds (301 redirect, live); no official consolidated PDF located. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Gambia","country_slug":"gambia","year_adopted":1997,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"English","publishing_body":"Government of The Gambia (Ministry of Justice)","official_page":null,"constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/gambia-constitution.pdf","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of the Republic of The Gambia 1997, in force since 16 January 1997, approved by referendum of 8 August 1996. It has been amended several times (Act 6 of 2001 is the latest amendment confirmed in the sourced consolidated text). The Ministry of Justice site moj.gov.gm was unreachable at retrieval time, and no official consolidated text was located; a new draft constitution was rejected by the National Assembly in September 2020, so the 1997 text remains in force."},{"country":"Ghana","country_slug":"ghana","year_adopted":1992,"last_amendment_year":2019,"languages":"en","publishing_body":"Judicial Service of Ghana (constitution text); originally promulgated under the Referendum of 28 April 1992","official_page":null,"constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":"No reuse statement on the Judicial Service pages.","source_url":"https://www.judicial.gov.gh/index.php/the-constitution","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Full text on the Judicial Service site, chapter by chapter; in force 7 January 1993. Last amendment 2019 (implementation of the 2018 referendum creating new regions). No single consolidated official PDF found; a state copy is hosted by SIGA at siga.gov.gh (jet download link)."},{"country":"Guinea","country_slug":"guinea","year_adopted":2025,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"French","publishing_body":"Presidence de la Republique de Guinee (new constitution promulgated 26 September 2025 after referendum 21 September 2025)","official_page":"https://www.presidence.gov.gn/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.presidence.gov.gn/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"New constitution approved by referendum 21 September 2025 (89.4 percent yes per the Ministry of Territorial Administration) and promulgated 26 September 2025, replacing the 2020 constitution and the post-2021 transitional framework. Creates a Senate and a seven-year presidential term renewable once. Presidential election followed on 28 December 2025. Presidency portal verified live; no official consolidated PDF of the text located. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Guinea-Bissau","country_slug":"guinea-bissau","year_adopted":1984,"last_amendment_year":1996,"languages":"Portuguese","publishing_body":"National Popular Assembly of Guinea-Bissau","official_page":null,"constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Guinea_Bissau_1996","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of 16 May 1984, in force since 6 May 1984, amended by constitutional laws in 1991, 1993 and 1996 (Constitutional Law 1/96 of 16 December 1996, published Boletim Oficial no. 50). Government and assembly sites (governo.gov.gw, anpguinebissau.org) were unreachable at retrieval time; no official consolidated text was located."},{"country":"Kenya","country_slug":"kenya","year_adopted":2010,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"en; sw","publishing_body":"National Council for Law Reporting (Kenya Law), with the authority of the Attorney-General; copy hosted by Parliament of Kenya","official_page":"https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution/eng@2010-08-27","constitution_pdf":"https://www.parliament.go.ke/sites/default/files/2023-03/The_Constitution_of_Kenya_2010.pdf","licence_statement":"Kenya Law (Laws.Africa platform): no copyright on legislative content; PDF copy under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, stated on the Kenya Law site.","source_url":"https://www.parliament.go.ke/sites/default/files/2023-03/The_Constitution_of_Kenya_2010.pdf","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Adopted 27 August 2010. Kenya Law new platform (new.kenyalaw.org) did not respond to automated testing; live in browsers. Latest amendment year not confirmed on the page; verify against Kenya Law consolidated versions."},{"country":"Lesotho","country_slug":"lesotho","year_adopted":1993,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"English; Sesotho","publishing_body":"Government of Lesotho / Law Office","official_page":"https://lesotholii.org/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://lesotholii.org/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of the Kingdom of Lesotho, Legal Notice 26 of 1993, in force since 2 April 1993, replacing the 1973 constitution. It has been amended numerous times by Acts of Parliament; the latest amendment year is not confirmed from an official source. LesothoLII, the national legal information institute, was live at retrieval time and publishes the constitutional text."},{"country":"Liberia","country_slug":"liberia","year_adopted":1986,"last_amendment_year":2011,"languages":"English","publishing_body":"Government of Liberia / Ministry of Justice","official_page":"https://liberlii.org/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://liberlii.org/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of the Republic of Liberia, approved by referendum of 3 July 1984 and in force since 6 January 1986, replacing the 1847 constitution. Amended in 2011. LiberLII, the national legal information institute, is live but returned a bot-block response (403) to automated retrieval; it publishes the constitutional text."},{"country":"Libya","country_slug":"libya","year_adopted":2011,"last_amendment_year":2012,"languages":"Arabic","publishing_body":"National Transitional Council (interim)","official_page":null,"constitution_pdf":"https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/lib128759E.pdf","licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/lib128759E.pdf","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Honesty gap: Libya has no permanent constitution. The Constitutional Declaration of 3 August 2011, issued by the National Transitional Council, remains the interim constitutional framework; a draft permanent constitution was published in 2017 but never adopted. No functioning official government site publishes the text; the FAOLEX PDF reproduces the declaration and notes amendments through 2012."},{"country":"Madagascar","country_slug":"madagascar","year_adopted":2010,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"French; Malagasy","publishing_body":"Presidency of Madagascar / National Assembly","official_page":"https://www.assemblee-nationale.mg/textes/constitution-de-la-iveme-republique/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.assemblee-nationale.mg/textes/constitution-de-la-iveme-republique/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of the Fourth Republic, adopted by referendum of 17 November 2010, promulgated by decree 2010-994 of 11 December 2010. Still in force as of 2026; a new constitution has been discussed under the 2025 transition but no referendum has been held. No official consolidated PDF located on the National Assembly page. Last amendment year not confirmed from an official source."},{"country":"Malawi","country_slug":"malawi","year_adopted":1994,"last_amendment_year":2025,"languages":"English; Chichewa","publishing_body":"Government of Malawi, Office of the Attorney General (Fourth Revised Edition consolidating amendments to 31 January 2025); MalawiLII national law-reporting platform","official_page":"https://malawilii.org/akn/mw/act/1994/20/eng@2020-11-03","constitution_pdf":"https://ppda.mw/storage/documents/resources/THE%20CONSTITUTION%20OF%20THE%20REPUBLIC%20OF%20MALAWI.pdf","licence_statement":"MalawiLII content is published under Creative Commons (CC BY) terms per the MalawiLII site footer.","source_url":"https://ppda.mw/storage/documents/resources/THE%20CONSTITUTION%20OF%20THE%20REPUBLIC%20OF%20MALAWI.pdf","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Republic of Malawi (Constitution) Act of 16 May 1994, in force 18 May 1995. The Fourth Revised Edition consolidates all amendments through Constitution (Amendment) Act no. 3 of 2025. The PPDA-hosted PDF is a government copy of that consolidated edition, verified live. MalawiLII (403 bot-block but live) carries the authorised text with CC licence statement. English is the authoritative language. The 2025 amendment is among the most recent confirmed in this dataset."},{"country":"Mali","country_slug":"mali","year_adopted":2023,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"13 national languages; French (working language)","publishing_body":"Journal officiel de la Republique du Mali (decree no. 2023-0401/PT-RM of 22 July 2023 promulgating the Constitution)","official_page":null,"constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/22754","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"New constitution approved by referendum 18 June 2023, results confirmed by the Constitutional Court on 21 July 2023, promulgated 22 July 2023. Makes 13 national languages official and French a working language. The official Journal officiel portal (journal-officiel.gouv.ml) timed out from our network; WIPO Lex mirrors the promulgation decree text (locator only). No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Mauritania","country_slug":"mauritania","year_adopted":1991,"last_amendment_year":2017,"languages":"Arabic; French","publishing_body":"Secretariat General of the Government (Directorate General of Legislation and the Official Journal)","official_page":null,"constitution_pdf":"https://primature.gov.mr/sites/default/files/2023-06/Constitution_consolid%C3%A9e_fr.pdf","licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://primature.gov.mr/sites/default/files/2023-06/Constitution_consolid%C3%A9e_fr.pdf","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution promulgated by ordinance 91-022 of 20 July 1991 (approved by referendum of 12 July 1991), restored by constitutional law 2006-014 of 12 July 2006, amended by constitutional law 2012-015 of 20 March 2012 and by referendum laws 2017-021 and 2017-022 of 15 August 2017 (the 2017 revision abolished the Senate). Official consolidated PDF on the Prime Minister's portal verified live at retrieval time."},{"country":"Mauritius","country_slug":"mauritius","year_adopted":1968,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"English","publishing_body":"Government of Mauritius; Constitution published in the Government Gazette (1968, as amended)","official_page":"https://mauritiusassembly.govmu.org/mauritiusassembly/index.php/the-constitution/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://mauritiusassembly.govmu.org/mauritiusassembly/index.php/the-constitution/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Independence constitution of 12 March 1968, amended many times (Constitution of Mauritius Act 1992 renamed the state a republic). Official National Assembly page with embedded PDF verified live. Most recent amendment year not confirmed from the official page. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Morocco","country_slug":"morocco","year_adopted":2011,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"Arabic; French","publishing_body":"Secretariat General du Gouvernement, Kingdom of Morocco (Bulletin Officiel no. 5964 bis, 30 July 2011, dahir 1-11-91 of 29 July 2011)","official_page":"http://www.sgg.gov.ma/BO/bulletin/Fr/2011/BO_5964-BIS_Fr.pdf","constitution_pdf":"http://www.sgg.gov.ma/Portals/0/constitution/constitution_2011_Fr.pdf","licence_statement":null,"source_url":"http://www.sgg.gov.ma/Portals/0/constitution/constitution_2011_Fr.pdf","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Promulgated 29 July 2011 after referendum of 1 July 2011. No constitutional amendment since. Official French text at sgg.gov.ma; Arabic text at chambredesrepresentants.ma (403 bot-block but live). sgg.gov.ma returned 503 to our crawler, URL confirmed from multiple academic citations. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Mozambique","country_slug":"mozambique","year_adopted":2004,"last_amendment_year":2018,"languages":"Portuguese","publishing_body":"Boletim da Republica, Imprensa Nacional de Mocambique (no. 51, I Serie, 22 December 2004); Assembleia da Republica text","official_page":"https://www.inm.gov.mz/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.inm.gov.mz/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Approved by the Assembly of the Republic on 16 November 2004, published in Boletim da Republica no. 51 I Serie of 22 December 2004, in force after the 2004 general election. Amended in 2007; UNHCR Refworld lists its text as amended up to 2018. Imprensa Nacional (inm.gov.mz) verified live as official gazette portal. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Namibia","country_slug":"namibia","year_adopted":1990,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"English","publishing_body":"Ministry of Justice of Namibia","official_page":"https://namiblii.org/akn/na/act/const/1990/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://namiblii.org/akn/na/act/const/1990/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of the Republic of Namibia, adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 9 February 1990 and in force since independence on 21 March 1990. It has been amended several times (first by Act 1 of 1998; further amendments include the 2010 and 2014 amendment acts), but the latest amendment year is not confirmed from an official source. NamibiaLII, the national legal information institute, is live but returned a bot-block response (403) to automated retrieval."},{"country":"Niger","country_slug":"niger","year_adopted":2010,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"French; Hausa","publishing_body":"Republique du Niger (Constitution of 25 November 2010 of the Seventh Republic, currently suspended)","official_page":"https://www.presidence.ne/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.presidence.ne/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of 25 November 2010 adopted by referendum. Suspended after the coup of 26 July 2023. A transitional charter proclaimed on 26 March 2025 set a five-year transition to constitutional rule and made Hausa the national language; it replaces the constitution until a new one is drafted and adopted by referendum. Presidency portal verified live but does not publish the constitutional texts. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Nigeria","country_slug":"nigeria","year_adopted":1999,"last_amendment_year":2023,"languages":"en","publishing_body":"National Assembly of Nigeria","official_page":"https://www.nass.gov.ng/document/download/6380","constitution_pdf":"https://www.nass.gov.ng/document/download/6380","licence_statement":"No reuse statement on the National Assembly page; public legal document.","source_url":"https://www.nass.gov.ng/document/download/6380","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as amended). The NASS document download page responded 200; the Fifth Alteration amendments were signed in 2023. A copy is also hosted by the National Human Rights Commission at nigeriarights.gov.ng/files/constitution.pdf."},{"country":"Rwanda","country_slug":"rwanda","year_adopted":2003,"last_amendment_year":2015,"languages":"rw; en; fr","publishing_body":"Ministry of Justice, Republic of Rwanda (Minisiteri y'Ubutabera)","official_page":null,"constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.minijust.gov.rw/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of 2003 revised in 2015 (referendum 18 December 2015). The Ministry of Justice published the trilingual official edition; the minijust.gov.rw constitution page URL needs confirmation from a browser. WIPO Lex holds a copy of the official text (wipo.int/wipolex) as a locator, not an official source."},{"country":"Sao Tome and Principe","country_slug":"sao-tome-and-principe","year_adopted":2003,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"Portuguese","publishing_body":"National Assembly of Sao Tome and Principe","official_page":"https://www.parlamento.st/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www2.camara.leg.br/saotomeeprincipe/constituicao/constituicao-da-republica-democratica-de-s.tome-e","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution approved by the National Assembly on 6 December 2002, promulgated on 25 January 2003 and published in Diario da Republica no. 2, replacing the 1990 constitution. The official parliament site www.parlamento.st was unreachable at retrieval time; the full official text is mirrored on the Portuguese-language parliamentary cooperation portal of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies, which the National Assembly's own records reference."},{"country":"Senegal","country_slug":"senegal","year_adopted":2001,"last_amendment_year":2016,"languages":"French","publishing_body":"Journal Officiel de la Republique du Senegal","official_page":null,"constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.assemblee-nationale.sn/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of 22 January 2001 adopted by referendum 7 January 2001. Amended several times, most recently in 2016 (official consolidated text not located online). assemblee-nationale.sn timed out from our network and sec.gouv.sn and presidence.sn yielded no constitution text page. Constitute Project (Hein) publishes an English translation through 2016, a locator only. French is the official language. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Seychelles","country_slug":"seychelles","year_adopted":1993,"last_amendment_year":2020,"languages":"English; Seychellois Creole; French","publishing_body":"Attorney General's Chambers (Laws of Seychelles, Chapter 42)","official_page":null,"constitution_pdf":"https://ecs.sc/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/CAP42-Constituion.pdf","licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://ecs.sc/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/CAP42-Constituion.pdf","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of the Third Republic, approved by referendum of 15 to 18 June 1993 and promulgated on 21 June 1993. The official consolidated text (Laws of Seychelles Chapter 42), hosted by the Electoral Commission on a government domain, is consolidated to 1 June 2020 and lists amendments through SI 18 of 2020 (Act 8 of 2018 among the substantive changes). A further amendment bill was gazetted in 2024; its adoption status is not confirmed from an official source. PDF verified live at retrieval time."},{"country":"Sierra Leone","country_slug":"sierra-leone","year_adopted":1991,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"English","publishing_body":"Government of Sierra Leone (Act No. 6 of 1991)","official_page":"https://sierralii.gov.sl/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://sierralii.gov.sl/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of Sierra Leone 1991 (Act No. 6 of 1991), signed on 24 September 1991, suspended during the AFRC interregnum of 1997 to 1998 and reinstated in 1996 to 1998. It has been amended several times since; the latest amendment year is not confirmed from an official source. SierraLII, the official legal information institute (gov.sl domain), was live at retrieval time and publishes the constitutional text."},{"country":"Somalia","country_slug":"somalia","year_adopted":2012,"last_amendment_year":2024,"languages":"Somali; Arabic","publishing_body":"Federal Parliament of Somalia (House of the People)","official_page":"https://parliament.gov.so/","constitution_pdf":"https://parliament.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/simple-file-list/Nuqulo-Af-Ingiriis/Provisional-Constitution-2012.pdf","licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://parliament.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/simple-file-list/Nuqulo-Af-Ingiriis/Provisional-Constitution-2012.pdf","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Provisional Constitution adopted by the National Constituent Assembly on 1 August 2012; it remains provisional as the final constitution has not been adopted. Parliament approved constitutional amendments in March 2024, which are contested by Puntland, Jubaland and opposition groups, so two competing readings of the text coexist. Official PDF on the Federal Parliament website verified live at retrieval time."},{"country":"South Africa","country_slug":"south-africa","year_adopted":1996,"last_amendment_year":2023,"languages":"en","publishing_body":"Department of Justice and Constitutional Development (PDF); Government Communication and Information System on gov.za (page); Government Printer for the gazette original","official_page":"https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996","constitution_pdf":"https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/saconstitution-web-eng.pdf","licence_statement":"No reuse statement on the justice.gov.za PDF or the gov.za page; translations into 11 official languages are linked from the Constitutional Court site (concourt.org.za).","source_url":"https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/saconstitution-web-eng.pdf","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Adopted by the Constitutional Assembly 8 May 1996, amended 11 October 1996, in force 4 February 1997. Last amendment is the Constitution Eighteenth Amendment Act, 2023 (South African Sign Language as the 12th official language)."},{"country":"South Sudan","country_slug":"south-sudan","year_adopted":2011,"last_amendment_year":2018,"languages":"English","publishing_body":"Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs of South Sudan","official_page":null,"constitution_pdf":"https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/ssd127441.pdf","licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/ssd127441.pdf","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan 2011, in force since independence on 9 July 2011, amended in 2013, by Amendment No. 2 of 2015 and by the 2018 Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS), whose constitutional amendments extended the transitional period. Government sites (gov.ss, moljss.gov.ss) were unreachable at retrieval time; the FAOLEX PDF reproduces the official text."},{"country":"Sudan","country_slug":"sudan","year_adopted":2019,"last_amendment_year":2025,"languages":"Arabic; English","publishing_body":"Transitional Sovereignty Council and Cabinet, Republic of the Sudan (Constitutional Charter for the Transitional Period 2019, amended 2025)","official_page":null,"constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4eb14.html","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"No permanent constitution is in force. The 2019 Constitutional Charter for the Transitional Period was unilaterally amended on 23 February 2025 by the SAF-aligned Sovereignty Council (39-month extension and expanded military powers, published in the Official Gazette). A rival RSF-aligned Transitional Constitution was signed 4 March 2025 in Nairobi, establishing a parallel government, not internationally recognised. No government portal (sudan.gov.sd) reachable from our network; UNHCR Refworld hosts both texts as locators. No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Tanzania","country_slug":"tanzania","year_adopted":1977,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"sw; en","publishing_body":"Office of the Attorney General, United Republic of Tanzania (constitutions portal); Government Printer publishes the gazette original","official_page":"https://oagmis.oag.go.tz/portal/constitutions","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":"No reuse statement on the Attorney General portal. TanzLII (tanzlii.org, Laws.Africa) hosts a consolidated Swahili version under a Creative Commons licence.","source_url":"https://oagmis.oag.go.tz/portal/constitutions","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"In force 26 April 1977; amended many times (1984, 1992, 2000 and later). The official portal offers the Swahili text for download; an official revised English translation is referenced by law libraries. Latest amendment year not confirmed on the portal; verify before citing."},{"country":"Togo","country_slug":"togo","year_adopted":2024,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"French","publishing_body":"Republique Togolaise (constitution of the Fifth Republic, adopted by the National Assembly 25 March 2024 and promulgated 6 May 2024)","official_page":"https://www.presidence.gouv.tg/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.presidence.gouv.tg/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of the Fifth Republic adopted 25 March 2024 and promulgated by President Faure Gnassingbe on 6 May 2024; shifts the country to a parliamentary system with a President of the Council as head of government. Transitional articles kept the 1992 constitution (as revised) in force until new institutions were established within 12 months. Presidency portal verified live but no official PDF of the text located on it; Constitute Project hosts a full copy (locator only). No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Tunisia","country_slug":"tunisia","year_adopted":2022,"last_amendment_year":null,"languages":"Arabic","publishing_body":"Journal Officiel de la Republique Tunisienne (JORT), special issue of August 2022","official_page":null,"constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://www.iort.gov.tunisie.net/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"New constitution approved by referendum of 25 July 2022 and promulgated on 17 August 2022 (presidential decree of 8 July 2022 correcting errors; final text in a special JORT issue). Replaces the 2014 constitution. Arabic authoritative. The JORT portal (iort.gov.tunisie.net) timed out from our network, so no official URL is confirmed; WIPO Lex mirrors the JORT text (locator only). No reuse statement found."},{"country":"Uganda","country_slug":"uganda","year_adopted":1995,"last_amendment_year":2018,"languages":"en","publishing_body":"Uganda Legal Information Institute (ULII, Judiciary of Uganda); consolidated by the Law Reform Commission of Uganda with Laws.Africa","official_page":"https://ulii.org/akn/ug/act/statute/1995/constitution/eng@2018-01-05","constitution_pdf":"https://media.ulii.org/media/legislation/18226/source_file/1995-constitution.pdf","licence_statement":"ULII (Laws.Africa): no copyright on legislative content; PDF under CC BY 4.0, stated on the document.","source_url":"https://media.ulii.org/media/legislation/18226/source_file/1995-constitution.pdf","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Adopted by the Constituent Assembly 22 September 1995, promulgated 8 October 1995. PDF is the version as at 5 January 2018. The ULII HTML page returned 403 to automated testing (bot protection); live in browsers."},{"country":"Zambia","country_slug":"zambia","year_adopted":1991,"last_amendment_year":2016,"languages":"en","publishing_body":"Attorney General's Chambers and Government Printer (original); ZambianLII hosts the consolidated version with Laws.Africa","official_page":"https://zambialii.org/akn/zm/act/constitution/1991/eng@2016-01-05","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":"ZambianLII (Laws.Africa): no copyright on legislative content; CC-licensed PDF copies are generated on the site.","source_url":"https://zambialii.org/akn/zm/act/constitution/1991/eng@2016-01-05","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Major amendments in 1996, 2009 and 2016 (Constitution (Amendment) Act No. 2 of 2016); the Bill 10 amendments were rejected in 2020. The ZambianLII page returned 403 to automated testing (bot protection); live in browsers."},{"country":"Zimbabwe","country_slug":"zimbabwe","year_adopted":2013,"last_amendment_year":2021,"languages":"English; Shona; Sindebele","publishing_body":"Government of Zimbabwe / Parliament","official_page":"https://zimlii.org/akn/zw/act/const/2013/","constitution_pdf":null,"licence_statement":null,"source_url":"https://zimlii.org/akn/zw/act/const/2013/","retrieved":"2026-10-10","note":"Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 20) Act 2013, approved by referendum of 16 March 2013 and in force since 22 August 2013, replacing the Lancaster House constitution. Amended by Amendment No. 1 of 2017 and Amendment No. 2 of 2021. ZimLII, the national legal information institute, is live but returned a bot-block response (403) to automated retrieval."}]}